Events
20 events
BOOK 1The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire / Table of Contents with links in the HTML file to the two Project Gutenberg editions (12 volumes)
- BOOK 1 · CH. 86Conversion of ConstantineBefore the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312 CE, Constantine experienced a vision of the cross and converted to Christianity, transforming the empire's relationship with the faith.
Constantine the Great, Maxentius - BOOK 1 · CH. 92Council of NicaeaIn 325 CE, Constantine convened the first ecumenical council at Nicaea to resolve the Arian controversy, resulting in the Nicene Creed that defined orthodox Christian doctrine on the nature of Christ.Constantine the Great, Arius, Athanasius of Alexandria
- BOOK 1 · CH. 121Battle of AdrianopleIn 378 CE, Emperor Valens was defeated and killed by Gothic forces at Adrianople, marking the first time a Roman emperor had fallen in battle against barbarians in centuries and exposing the empire's military vulnerability.Valens, Fritigern
- BOOK 1 · CH. 141Sack of Rome by AlaricIn 410 CE, the Visigothic king Alaric captured and sacked Rome, the first time the city had fallen to a foreign enemy in eight centuries, shocking the Roman world and symbolizing the empire's terminal decline.
Alaric, Honorius - BOOK 1 · CH. 154Attila's Invasion of GaulIn 451 CE, Attila the Hun invaded Gaul, but was defeated at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains by a coalition of Romans under Aetius and Visigoths under Theodoric.Attila, Aetius, Theodoric I
- BOOK 1 · CH. 156Vandal Sack of RomeIn 455 CE, Genseric's Vandals sailed from Carthage and sacked Rome for fourteen days, carrying off vast treasures including the spoils of Jerusalem and the empress Eudoxia.Genseric, Petronius Maximus
- BOOK 1 · CH. 160Deposition of Romulus AugustulusIn 476 CE, the Germanic chieftain Odoacer deposed the last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, traditionally marking the end of the Western Roman Empire and the transition to the Middle Ages.Romulus Augustulus, Odoacer
- BOOK 1 · CH. 179Justinian's Reconquest of the WestUnder Justinian I, the brilliant general Belisarius reconquered North Africa from the Vandals and much of Italy from the Ostrogoths, temporarily restoring Roman rule to the western Mediterranean.Justinian I, Belisarius, Totila
- BOOK 1 · CH. 218Iconoclast ControversyBeginning with Leo III's edict against religious images in 726 CE, the Iconoclast controversy divided the Byzantine Empire and church for over a century, causing schism with Rome.Leo III, Irene of Athens
- BOOK 1 · CH. 220Establishment of the Papal StatesThrough the Donation of Pepin and subsequent grants, the popes acquired temporal sovereignty over central Italy, transforming the papacy into a political as well as spiritual power.Pope Stephen II, Pepin the Short
- BOOK 1 · CH. 221Coronation of CharlemagneOn Christmas Day 800 CE, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans in St. Peter's Basilica, formally reviving the Western imperial title and asserting papal authority over imperial legitimacy.
Charlemagne, Pope Leo III - BOOK 1 · CH. 226Rise of IslamIn the early 7th century, Muhammad received revelations that formed the basis of Islam; after his death, his followers rapidly conquered Arabia and then the Middle East, North Africa, and beyond.Muhammad, Abu Bakr, Umar
- BOOK 1 · CH. 234Muslim Conquest of the Middle EastFollowing Muhammad's death, Arab armies rapidly conquered Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Persia, overthrowing the Sassanid Empire and stripping the Byzantine Empire of its richest provinces.Umar, Heraclius, Yezdegerd III
- BOOK 1 · CH. 239Arab Siege of ConstantinopleIn 674-678 and again in 717-718, Arab forces besieged Constantinople by land and sea, but were repelled by the city's walls, Greek fire, and Bulgarian allies.Constantine IV, Leo III
- BOOK 1 · CH. 240Battle of ToursIn 732 CE, Charles Martel defeated an Arab raiding force near Tours, halting the northward expansion of Islam into Western Europe and securing Frankish dominance in Gaul.Charles Martel
- BOOK 1 · CH. 259Battle of ManzikertIn 1071, the Seljuk Turks under Alp Arslan decisively defeated the Byzantine army at Manzikert, capturing Emperor Romanus IV and opening Anatolia to Turkish settlement.Romanus IV Diogenes, Alp Arslan
- BOOK 1 · CH. 261First CrusadeIn 1095, Pope Urban II called for a crusade to recapture Jerusalem from Muslim control; the First Crusade resulted in the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 and the establishment of Latin Christian states in the Levant.Pope Urban II, Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemond of Hauteville
- BOOK 1 · CH. 269Great Schism of 1054The mutual excommunication of the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople in 1054 formalized the schism between the Latin and Greek churches, dividing Christianity into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches.Pope Leo IX, Michael Cerularius
- BOOK 1 · CH. 271Fourth Crusade and Sack of ConstantinopleIn 1204, the Fourth Crusade, diverted from its original goal, captured and sacked Constantinople, establishing a Latin Empire and devastating the Byzantine state.Enrico Dandolo, Baldwin of Flanders
- BOOK 1 · CH. 296Fall of ConstantinopleOn May 29, 1453, after a 53-day siege, Ottoman forces under Mehmed II breached the walls of Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire and marking the final fall of Rome's eastern successor.Mehmed II, Constantine XI Palaiologos
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